Artigo: Hypolipidemic and hepato-protective effects of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

R. K. Mohammed, E. D. Eze, S. Ibrahim, S. E Atawodi, A. Shaibu, M. N. Ugwu, O. Onaadepo

Abstract

The study investigated the hypolipidemic and hepato-protectiveeffects of n-butanol fraction of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. To achievethis set objective, 16 hours fasted rats were made diabetic by singleintraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg body weight dose of streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 ml fresh cold citrate buffer pH 4.5. After this, the diabeticanimals were randomly divided into the following groups: Group I served as thenormal control, Group II served as diabetic control, while Group III to GroupVI were treated with 200, 400 and 800mg/kg b w of the plant extract fractionand glibenclamide 10mg/kg b w respectively by oral gavage for a period of 4weeks. At the end of treatment period all animals from each group wereeuthanized and blood samples collected by cardiac puncture. There was astatistically significant (p< 0.05) reduction in blood glucose level in all groups treated with 200, 400 and 800mg/kg b wof the extract after day 7, 14, 21 and 28 when compared to the diabetic controlgroup. The study also revealed a significantly decreased (p<0.05) serumtotal cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein and significantlyelevated (p<0.05) serum levels especially in the groups treated with 400 and 800 mg/kg b w of the extractwhen compared to the diabetic control group. There was also a significantly reduced(p<0.05) serum liver enzymes, AST, ALT and ALP as well as total and directconjugated bilirubin levels in all groups that received various doses of theplant extract when compared to the diabetic control group. It can be concludedthat the plant possesses anti-diabetic property suggesting that the plant maybe useful in the management of dyslipidemia, a secondary complication thatusually occur in diabetic condition.

References

Adewunmi, C.O., Agbedahunsi, J.M., Adebajo, A.C., Aladesanmi, A.J., Murphy, N., Wando, J., 2001. Ethno-veterinary medicine: screening of Nigerian medicinal plants for trypanocidal properties. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 77, 19–24.

Arner, P., 2005. “Human fat cell lipolysis: biochemistry, regulation and clinical role, ” Best Practice Research Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 19 (4), pp. 471-482.

Balazs, M., Halmos, T., 1995. Electron microscopic study of liver fibrosis associated with diabetes mellitus. Exp Pathol.27,153–62.

Banzouzi, J.T., Prado, R., Menan, H., Valentin, A., Roumestan, C., Mallie, M., Pelissier, Y., Blache, Y., 2002. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of extracts of Alchornea cordifolia and identification of an active constituent: ellagic acid. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 81, 399–401.

Beach, E. F., Turner, J.J., 1958. An enzymatic method for glucose determination uptake in body fluids, Clinical Chemistry, 14, 462-468.

Burcelin R, Eddouks, M., Maury, J., Kande, J., Assan, R., Girard, J., 1995., Excessive glucose production, rather than Insulin resistance, account for hyperglycemia in recent onset streptozocin-diabetic rats, Diabetologia, 35, 283-290.

Chahil, T.J., Ginsberg, H.N., 2006. Diabetic dyslipidemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 35(3), pp. 491–510.

Colwell, J.A., Nesto, R.W., 2003. The platelet in diabetes: focus on prevention of ischemic events. Diabetes Care, 26(7), pp. 2181–2188.

Ebi, G.C., 2001. Antimicrobial activities of Alchornea cordifolia. Fitoterapia 72, 69–72.

El-Demerdash, F. M., Yousef, M.I., Elagamy, E. I., 2002. Influence of paraquat, glyphosate, and cadmium on the activity of some serum enzymes and protein electrophoretic behavior (in vitro). Endocrinology & Metabolism, 5(3), pp. 150-159.

Eze, E. D., Mohammed, A., Musa, K.Y., Tanko, Y., Isa, A.S., 2012. Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Mucuna pruriens (fabaceae) on Lipid Profile inAlloxan-Induced Diabetic Wistar rats British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(3), 102-109, 2012.

Fauci, A.S., Braunwald, E., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, D.L., 2008. Chapter 338; Diabetes Mellitus, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th Edition The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..Foundation Newsletter 1, 3, ISSN 1755-3245.

Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R., Fradrickson, D.S., 1972. Estimation of concentration of Low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without the use of preparative ultracentrifugation. Clinical Chemistry.19; 449-452.

Goutam, B., 2011. 6. Bio-flavonoids with promising antidiabetic potentials: A critical survey. Opportunity, Challenge and Scope of Natural Products in Medicinal Chemistry, 187-212.

Iweala, E.E.J., Oludare, F.D., 2011. Hypoglycemic effect, biochemical and histological changes of Spondias mombin Linn. and Parinari polyandra benth. Seed ethanolic extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. pharmacol. Toxicol., 6,101-112.

Koskinen, S.V., Reunanen, A.R., Martelin, T. P., Valkonen, T., 1998. Mortality in a large Krauss, R.M. and P. W. Siri, 2004. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes. Med Clin North Am 88(4), pp. 897–909.

Lorke, D., 1983. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing, Archive of Toxicology, 54, 275-287.

Maiti, R., D. Jana, U.D., Ghosh, D., 2004. Antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of seed of Tamarindus indica in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 92,85-91.

Mendez, J.D., Balderas, F., 2001. Regulation of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by exogenous Largininein diabetic rats. Biochimie, 83(5), 453-458.

Mooradian, A.D., 2009. Dsylipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Clinical Practice J Environ Sci Health, 36, 29-42.

Obadoni, B.O., Ochuko, P.O., 2002. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some haemostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 203–208.

Okawa, H., Doi, K., 1983. Neoplastic lesions in Streptozotocin treated rats. Jikken Dobutsu, 32, 77–84.

Osadebe, P.O., Okoye, F.B.C., 2003. Anti-inflammatory effects of crude methanolic extract and fractions of Alchornea cordifolia leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89, 19–24.

Patel, J., 2008. “Diabetes: managing dyslipidaemia, ” Clinical Evidence, Vol. 2008 pp. 0610.

Ravi, K., Rajasekaran, S., Subramanian, S., 2005. Antihyperglycemic effect of Eugenia jambolana seed kernel on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Food Chem. Toxicology, 43, 1433 1439.

Saxena, A., Vikram, N.K., 2004. Role of selected Indian plants in management of type 2 diabetes: a review. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10, 369 378.

Schindhelm, R.K., Diamant, M., Dekker, J.M., Tushuizen, M.E., Teerlink, T., Heine, R.J., 2006. “Alanine aminotransferase as a marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, ” Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, 22(6), pp. 437-443.

Song, J., Kwon, O., Chen, S., Daruwala, R., Eck, P., Park, J.B., 2002. Flavonoid inhibition of Sodium-dependent Vitamin C transport 1 (SVCT 1) and Glucose Transporter Isoform 2 (GLUT 2), intestinal transporters for vitaminC and glucose. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277,15252-60.

Stein, E.A., 1987. Lipids, lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins. In: Treitz, N. W. (Ed). Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 3rd Edn., W . B Sauders Philadelphia, pp; 470-479.

Tietz, N.W., 1990. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Test, Second Edition W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 554-556.

Tolman, K.G., Fonseca, V., Tana, M.H., Dalpiaz, A., 2004. Narrative review: hepatobiliary disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med;141, 946–56.

Wacnic, R.G.J., Alber, J.J., 1978. A comprehensive evaluation of the heparin manganese precipitation procedure for estimating high density lipoprotein cholestsrol. Journal of Lipid Research, 19, 65-76.

Yamagishi, N., Nakayama, K., Wakatsuki, T., Hatayama, T., 2001. Characteristic changes of stress protein expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 69, 2603– 9.

Full Text: PDF