Azam, M.; Song, M.; Fan, F.; Zhang, B.; Xu, Y.; Xu, C.; Chen, K. Comparative Analysis of Flower Volatiles from Nine Citrus at Three Blooming Stages.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 22346-22367.
Abstract
Volatiles from flowers at three blooming stages of nine citrus cultivars were analyzed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS. Up to 110 volatiles were detected, with 42 tentatively identified from citrus flowers for the first time. Highest amounts of volatiles were present in fully opened flowers of most citrus, except for pomelos. All cultivars were characterized by a high percentage of either oxygenated monoterpenes or monoterpene hydrocarbons, and the presence of a high percentage of nitrogen containing compounds was also observed. Flower volatiles varied qualitatively and quantitatively among citrus types during
Conclusions
The profiling of flower volatiles from nine citrus cultivars at three blooming stages revealed significant differences between cultivars and blooming stages. Monoterpenoids, linalool and limonene, were the major flower volatiles, followed by indole, β-pinene, α-citral, and γ-terpinene. Flower volatiles from each cultivar exhibited a characteristic profile of volatiles that contribute to its unique aroma attributes. Citrons were rich in limonene and Bergamot was rich in α-citral and β-citral. As flowers bloom, volatiles like methyl anthranilate increased while some others like 2-hexenal and p-cymene decreased, and some volatiles in a specific citrus, like linalool in Huyou as well as γ-terpinene in Yuhuanyou, could be high in both unopened and fully opened flowers but low in half opened ones. Multivariate analysis data were consistent with the theory of three true citrus types, and supported the classification of Satsuma mandarin as separated from Ponkan. The influence of blooming stages on cultivar clustering varied with individual citrus, was most obvious on hybrid citrus, and this should not be neglected when taking volatile profiles as a marker for revealing the genetic relationships between citrus cultivars.
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