Figure. Primary grape products and byproducts and their beneficial effects on human body.
Figure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their contribution to development of oxidative stress-related diseases. The presence of antioxidants may prevent diseases development by modulating damaging effects of ROS by suppressing multiple process steps.
Figure. Principal way of development and modulation of chronic inflammation-related diseases.
Recent Advances and Uses of Grape Flavonoids as Nutraceuticals
Vasil Georgiev, Anthony Ananga and Violeta Tsolova
Nutrients 2014, 6, 391-415
Abstract
Grape is one of the oldest fruit crops domesticated by humans. The numerous uses of grape in making wine, beverages, jelly, and other products, has made it one of the most economically important plants worldwide. The complex phytochemistry of the berry is characterized by a wide variety of compounds, most of which have been demonstrated to have therapeutic or health promoting properties. Among them, flavonoids are the most abundant and widely studied, and have enjoyed greater attention among grape researchers in the last century. Recent studies have shown that the beneficial health effects promoted by consumption of grape and grape products are attributed to the unique mix of polyphenolic compounds. As the largest group of grape polyphenols, flavonoids are the main candidates considered to have biological properties, including but not limited to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Here, we discuss the recent scientific advances supporting the beneficial health qualities of grape and grape-derived products, mechanisms of their biological activity, bioavailability, and their uses as nutraceuticals. The advantages of modern plant cell based biotechnology as an alternative method for production of grape nutraceuticals and improvement of their health qualities are also discussed.
Conclusions
Grape and grape products should be promoted in our daily diet not only as a nutrient, but as a healthy food as well. Currently, a growing number of researchers are focusing on the biological activities of grape and grape products as prospective sources of valuable nutraceuticals. Numerous studies have strongly suggested that the inclusion of grapes and grape products as supplements in our daily intake of foods may generate significant health benefits. However, to achieve beneficial therapeutic effects, most of these phytochemicals must be used in a strict dose-dependent manner. Bioavailability in in vivo conditions is a key issue to be resolved for establishing the level of therapeutic blood concentrations of grape flavonoids. Therefore, more studies are needed in this area.
Future development of new renewable sources, such as in vitro cell systems that can continuously produce highly purified grape flavonoids is essential and can be broadly applicable.
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