Figure 1. Role of K under biotic stress.
Figure 2. Role of K under drought stress.
Figure 3. Role of K under salt stress.
Figure 4. Role of K under cold and frost stress.
Wang, M.; Zheng, Q.; Shen, Q.; Guo, S. The Critical Role of Potassium in Plant Stress Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 7370-7390.
Abstract
Agricultural production continues to be constrained by a number of biotic and abiotic factors that can reduce crop yield quantity and quality. Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient that affects most of the biochemical and physiological processes that influence plant growth and metabolism. It also contributes to the survival of plants exposed to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The following review focuses on the emerging role of K in defending against a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, including diseases, pests, drought, salinity, cold and frost and waterlogging. The availability of K and its effects on plant growth, anatomy, morphology and plant metabolism are discussed. The physiological and molecular mechanisms of K function in plant stress resistance are reviewed. This article also evaluates the potential for improving plant stress resistance by modifying K fertilizer inputs and highlights the future needs for research about the role of K in agriculture.
Implications
The population of the world will exceed 9 billion by the year 2050. It is, therefore, of vital importance to improve crop yield to match the requirement for food. However, as the environment was becoming worse, the quantity and quality of crop production were significantly decreased by a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. The practice of intensive fertilization to support massive food production for an increasing global population is a must. However, consumption of excess N fertilization and K deficiency cause a reduction in crop yields and quality in many regions. Therefore, to enable closing yield gaps and allow for a much higher productivity in many regions, a significant increase in K fertilization application is required. K is an essential plant nutrient that impacts a number of physiological and biochemical processes that are involved in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, as summarized in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Roles of K in resisting all stresses.
Maintaining an optimum K nutritional status is essential for plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Balanced fertilization and efficient K usage in combination with other nutrients not only contribute to sustainable crop’s growth, yield and quality, but also influence plant health and reduce the environmental risks. However, our understanding about the role of K in whole-plant stress response mechanisms is limited. In this paper, suggested future needs and prospects for research about the role of K in agriculture include:
Investigating more details about the molecular mechanisms of K in plant stress resistance.
Examining the role of K on plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in differentiated cells, tissues and organs and connecting the data relevantly.
Identifying the common or specific response of K to distinct stress and the role of K on long-term plant responses under multiple stress conditions in nature.
Understanding the relationship between K and other nutrients in relation to plant adaptation to stresses in different agroecological systems.
Developing models for better K recommendations based on soil, plant and environmental factors.
Investigating more researcher on the importance of K on crop production, nutritional quality and human and animal health.
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